Commonalities and differences in myopia prevention and control beliefs among primary school teachers and students in Hangzhou / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the commonalities and differences between primary school students and teachers in beliefs of myopia prevention and control, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the education programs of myopia prevention and control.@*Methods@#Convenient sampling method was used to select 14 students and 16 teachers from grades 3 and 4 in two elementary schools in Hangzhou for one to one in depth interviews, and the results were coded and analyzed by using Nvivo 11.0 software.@*Results@#There were commonalities in the perceived severity, benefits and barriers of myopia prevention and control beliefs among students and teachers, and the common keywords had been mentioned for 114 times, the commonalities of perceived severity, benefits and barriers were more obvious among them; there were differences in the specific attributions of perceived susceptibility, severity and barriers among students and teachers，the difference keywords had been mentioned for 63 times, the differences of perceived susceptibility, severity and barriers were more obvious among them.@*Conclusion@#There were commonalities in the perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers of myopia prevention and control beliefs between students and teachers; there were differences in the aspects of perceived susceptibility, severity and barriers between students and teachers. Adverse health outcomes of myopia and associated prevention knowledge should be enhanced among students. schools should carry out health education activities to improve the ability of teachers and students to prevent and control myopia; the government should implement the "double reduction" policy and improve the safety insurance system for outdoor activities.

Systematic evaluation on direct economic burden of healthcare-associated infection due to multidrug-resistant organisms / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To understand the direct economic burden of healthcare-associated infection(HAI)due to multidrug-resistant organisms(MDROs).Methods Computer retrieval of CNKI,Wanfang,VIP,PubMed,Sci-enceDirect,and Cochrane databases on literatures about economic burden of MDRO HAI at home and abroad were performed,the retrieval time was from database establishment to December 2015,systematic evaluation of the liter-atures was obtained.Results According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,as well as through Newcastle-Otta-wa Scale (NOS)for evaluating the literatures,19 literatures were included.In 12 studies about methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus infection,the direct economic cost varied from $916.61 to $62908.00;in 4 studies about MDRO Acinetobacterbaumannii infection,the direct economic cost varied from$4644.00 to $98575.00.Direct economic cost due to extended-spectrumβ-lactamases-producing Enterobacteriaceae was $2824.14-$30093.00. Conclusion MDRO HAI will increase economic cost of both hospitals and patients,prevention and control measures should be taken .

Establishment of an infection model using Caenorhabditis elegans-exten-sively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To establish an infection model using Caenorhabditis elegans (C.elegans)-extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (XDRKP)system.Methods Clinically isolated XDRKP strains were used to infect C.elegans in the liquid killing assay,the nematode survival and the number of bacteria in C.elegans digestive tract was observed.Results C.elegans was significantly retarded after being infected by XDRKP,different concentra-tions of XDRKP led to different patterns of the worm death.Log-rank test showed that survival curves of C. elegans infected with 1 .5×106 CFU/mL of XDRKP and E.coli OP50 (control)were not significantly different (χ2 =0.08,P >0.05);survival curves of C.elegans infected with 1 .5 ×107 CFU/mL,1 .5 ×108 CFU/mL of XDRKP and E.coli OP50 were significantly different(χ2 =229.37,275.98,respectively,both P <0.001).The survival rates of 1 .5×108 and 1 .5 ×107 CFU/mL XDRKP groups were both lower than that of the control group.Supernatant suspension obtained from test was performed bacterial culture,identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, XDRKP was determined.After being infected with XDRKP 4,6,12,and 24 hours,the total number of bacteria in C.elegans were(0.28±0.02)×105 CFU/mL,(0.50 ±0.38)×105 CFU/mL,(1 .73 ±0.56)×105 CFU/mL,and (2.62±0.53)×105 CFU/mL,respectively,the number of bacteria in C.elegans digestive tract was significantly different at different time points (F =1 363.39,P <0.001).Conclusion The infection model of C.elegans-XDRKP is established successfully.

Pathogens and risk factors of healthcare-associated infection in children with acute leukemia / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To explore the main sites,pathogen distribution and risk factors of healthcare-associated in-fections (HAI)in children with acute leukemia,and provide scientific evidence for prevention and treatment. Methods Data of 828 children with acute leukemia admitted to a hospital in 2011 -2012 were collected,infection site,pathogen distribution and risk factors of infection were analyzed.Results Of 828 patients,184 cases and 196 times of HAI occurred with the incidence of 22.22% and 23.67%,respectively.HAI occurred mostly in respiratory tract (52.56%).A total of 96 pathogenic strains were isolated,among which gram-negative and gram-positive bac-teria accounted for 58.33%(n=56)and 29.17%(n=28)respectively.Univariate analysis revealed that risk factors for HAI were leukemia remission induction chemotherapy,hospital stay ≥ 30 days,peripheral leukocyte count (WBC)≤3×109/L,granulocyte count ≤0.5 ×109/L,and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.Multivariate analysis revealed that hospital stay ≥30 days was independent risk factors for HAI.Conclusion Children with acute leuke-mia have a high incidence of HAI,infection mainly occurs in respiratory system,and gram-negative bacteria are ma-jor pathogens.The incidence of HAI is correlated with remission induction chemotherapy,long length of hospital stay,low WBC,low number of neutrophils,and acute myeloid leukemia.

Treatment strategies for children with hematonosis and multi-drug resistant bacteria infection / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Children with hematological diseases usually accompanied by low autoimmune function,and repeated chemotherapy exacerbated the damage to their immune system and hematopoietic function.Those lead to high incidence of nosocomial infection,most of infection were caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria and fungi.The major infections in hematological children are the following:multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli/Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria;multi-drug resistance Pseudomonas and Acinetobacte;Methicillin-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus and aureus;multi-drug resistance Enterococcus faecium.This review presents updated treatment strategies from the published clinical literature and provides recommendations for clinical treatment of multi-drug resistant bacteria in children with hematonosis.

Combined drug sensitivity test of 50 strains of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the in vitro antibacterial activity of meropenem combined with doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, sulbactam or cefoperazone/sulbactam against clinically isolated extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (XDRAB).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using a checker board synergy design, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics against 50 isolates of XDRAB was determined by broth microdilution antifungal susceptibility test. The fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index was calculated to determine the combined effect of the antibiotics.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Meropenem showed significantly reduced MIC50 and enhanced antimicrobial activities when combined with doxycycline, sulbactam or cefoperazone/sulbactam. The FIC results suggested that the main actions of doxycycline, sulbactam, and cefoperazone/sulbactam were synergistic (38%, 26%, and 10%, respectively) and addictive (62%, 74%, and 90%, respectively) without indifferent or antagonistic effects. The main actions of meropenem combined with ciprofloxacin were additive (56%) and indifference (44%) with synergistic and antagonistic effects.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Meropenem combined with doxycycline, sulbactam or cefoperazone/sulbactam shows excellent activity against clinical isolates of XDRAB.</p>

Expression of Hedgehog Signaling Pathway after Different Liver Damage / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To preliminarily explore the expresssion of the Hedgehog signaling pathway (HH) after different liver trauma, and provide basis for the blockaded effection of HH and the potentiality of new traditional Chinese medicine exploition. Methods After adaptive breeding for one week, a cohort of 140 male SPF Fisher 344 rats were randomly divided into Retrorsine injection (R) indicated the toxical of chemical damage of liver, partial hepatectomy (PH) indicated the acute liver trauma, retrorsine/partial hepatectomy (R/PH) for the hepatic stem cells regeneration, and normal control (N) groups. The administering of retrorsine or placebo, and PH or sham operation were performed as Gordon’s matheds. RT-PCR, real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect the expression of the constituents related to HH after liver damage. Results RT-PCR demonstrated that the mRNA expression of IHH, PTCH, Smo, Gli1, Gli2, Gli3 were all activated in primary liver cells after different kinds of liver damage. The results of real-time PCR analysis indicated an interaction effect existing between the treatment and the time in 3 Hedgehog-related constituents (signaling molecule IHH, indicators of the HH activation Ptc, Gli1) (all P<0.001). The protein expression of PTCH in liver tissue section was confirmed by immunohistochemistry, which differed in the duration in PH and R/PH groups. Conclusion The HH was abnormally activated during the different liver trauma. It’s maybe an important signaling pathway during the liver’s reaction after damage.

Sensitivity and specificity of nested PCR pyrosequencing in hepatitis B virus drug resistance gene testing / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of nested PCR combined with pyrosequencing in the detection of HBV drug-resistance gene.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>RtM204I (ATT) mutant and rtM204 (ATG) nonmutant plasmids mixed at different ratios were detected for mutations using nested-PCR combined with pyrosequencing, and the results were compared with those by conventional PCR pyrosequencing to analyze the linearity and consistency of the two methods. Clinical specimens with different viral loads were examined for drug-resistant mutations using nested PCR pyrosequencing and nested PCR combined with dideoxy sequencing (Sanger) for comparison of the detection sensitivity and specificity.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The fitting curves demonstrated good linearity of both conventional PCR pyrosequencing and nested PCR pyrosequencing (R(2)>0.99, P<0.05). Nested PCR showed a better consistency with the predicted value than conventional PCR, and was superior to conventional PCR for detection of samples containing 90% mutant plasmid. In the detection of clinical specimens, Sanger sequencing had a significantly lower sensitivity than nested PCR pyrosequencing (92% vs 100%, P<0.01). The detection sensitivity of Sanger sequencing varied with the viral loads, especially in samples with low viral copies (HBV DNA ≤3log10 copies/ml), where the sensitivity was 78%, significantly lower than that of pyrosequencing (100%, P<0.01). Neither of the two methods yielded positive results for the negative control samples, suggesting their good specificity.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compared with nested PCR and Sanger sequencing method, nested PCR pyrosequencing has a higher sensitivity especially in clinical specimens with low viral copies, which can be important for early detection of HBV mutant strains and hence more effective clinical management.</p>

Surveillance of Acinetobacter baumannii Outbreak in ICU / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To survey the hospital infection of Acinetobacter baumannii in an ICU during one week's time,and study its antibiotic resistance pattern and homogeneity.METHODS The antibiotic resistance patterns of 17 A.baumannii strains were obtained by K-B method,and their homogeneity information was determined using random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD).RESULTS Twelve strains of A.baumannii were isolated from the ICU,among which 3 were isolated from patients,and 9 were isolated from the surface of facilities in the ICU.Eleven strains were found to be multi-antibiotic resistant,and their resistance patterns were the same with the 5 strains from patients.RAPD results showed that the 3 strains from patients and 8 strains from the environment had the same genotype.CONCLUSIONS A small outbreak of a genotype of A.baumannii infection happens in the ICU.

Effect of Nanometer Light Catalysis Decontamination Machine on Air Disinfection in Hyperbaric Oxygen Chamber / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To analyze the effect of nanometer light catalysis decontamination machine on air disinfection in the hyperbaric oxygen(HBO) chamber in the hospital.METHODS The nanometer light catalysis decontamination machine was used to disinfect the HBO chamber air at the time of thirty minutes after patients leaving the chamber when the HBO therapy was finished,then the amount of bacteria in the air was monitored before and 1,2 and 3 hours after disinfection,respectively.RESULTS After disinfection using nanometer light catalysis decontamination machine,the amount of bacteria in the chamber air decreased from 764-1989 CFU/m3 before disinfection to 31-268 CFU/m3.The mean ratio of natural bacteria dissolution was more than 80%.CONCLUSIONS Using nanometer light catalysis decontamination machine is a safe and effective method for air disinfection in the HBO chamber.

High Risk Factors and Etiology Character of Ventilator-associated Pneumonia / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To analyze the high risk factors and etiology character of ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP) and provide the guidance for preventing VAP. METHODS Eighty three cases given mechanic ventilation over 48 hours in ICU of our hospital from Jan to Oct 2005 were observed.Thirty seven cases met the diagnosis criteria of VAP,while 46 cases without VAP were taken as control. RESULTS Airway secretion was cultivated and Gram-negative germ was the majority(58.0%).The first three pathogens were Pseudomonas aeruginosa(32.0%),Acinetobacter,and Staphylococcus epidermidis,22.0% cases had mixed infection with fungi.Except antiacid treatment,the following factors,such as long time for mechanical ventilation,trachea incision,corticosteroids treatment and coma state had significant relationship with the occurrence of VAP. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of VAP is related with multiple clinical factors.Clinicians should reduce high risk factors to lower the occurrence of VAP.

Development and Application of Hospital Infection Management Software Management of Antibiotics Clinical Administration / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To enhance reasonable usage of antibiotics and develop hospital infection management for monitoring,managing and improving of antibiotics clinical administration.METHODS Six Sigma analysis methods were used to identify key points in the quality management process.Based on these points,hospital infection management software was developed and its effects were evaluated using statistical analysis methods.RESULTS In perioperative period of Ⅰ surgical incision,the proportion of prophylactic antibiotics usage decreased significantly.The treatment time of antibiotics within 72 hours perioperative period was significantly shorten after software application.Total amount of antibiotics was significantly declined,dropped by 21.01%;Meanwhile,the administration amount of antibiotics classified in special use decreased,dropped by 21.7%.The microbial distribution,drug resistance and consumption monitoring could be understanded immediately.CONCLUSIONS The software can make us immediately know the dynamic consumption of antibiotics and trends of bacterial resistance in hospital to decrease the irrational use of antibiotics.

Ventilator-associated Pneumonia and Pathogens:Clinical Characteristics / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To study the characteristics of pathogens and risk factors of ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP) in our hospital to determine the prevention and treatment strategies. METHODS Prospective observation was performed in all the ventilator-related patients in 2004. RESULTS Seventy eight events of ventilator-related pneumonia among 56 cases occurred from all the 202 ventilator-related patients,the infection incidence was 98/1000VDs.The revealed important risk factors were oldness,coma,tracheotomy,use of H-2 receptor inhibitors,and prolonged mechanical ventilation.64.8% of the pathogens were G-bacilli,among which Pseudomonas aeruginosa contributed majority accounting for 22.7%,fungi accounting for 20.5%.There was wide resistance to antibiotics in G+ pathogens,including all of the isolated Staphylococcus. CONCLUSIONS VAP is caused predominantly by G-bacteria,fungi,and multiple predisposing factors.The combined treatment is necessary for control of VAP.